Air pollution: How does London's new emissions zone compare？

Media caption3D map showing London air pollution in 2006

媒体标题3D地图显示2006年伦敦的空气污染

London's tough new Ultra Low Emissions Zone (ULEZ) is the latest - and one of the strongest - steps yet taken to limit emissions of pollutants from cars, vans and trucks. So how does it compare with other cities in Europe and the rest of the world？

伦敦的艰难新的超低排放区（ULEZ）是限制汽车，货车和卡车污染物排放的最新步骤 - 也是最强大的措施之一。那么它与欧洲其他城市和世界其他城市相比如何？

• Reality Check: What should owners of old diesels do？

  现实检查：什么应该老柴油车的老板吗？

• ULEZ: The politics of pollution

  ULEZ：污染政治

• ULEZ: The most radical plan you've never heard of

  ULEZ：你从未听说过的最激进的计划

CAZ？ LEZ？ ULEZ？ What do they all mean？

CAZ？LEZ？ULEZ？这些都意味着什么？

These are all different ways of describing geographical areas of cities or towns that have placed restrictions on the use of vehicles, with the goal of tackling air pollution. A CAZ is a clean air zone, a LEZ is a low-emissions zone. Now we have London with the world's first ULEZ, or ultra-low emissions zone.

这些都是描述限制车辆使用的城市或城镇地理区域的不同方式，目的是解决空气污染问题。 CAZ是清洁空气区，LEZ是低排放区。现在我们伦敦拥有世界上第一个ULEZ或超低排放区。

Image copyrightGetty Images

图片copyrightGetty Images

In the UK, CAZs are areas that can decide to use charging as a means of cleaning the air, but don't have to. If they do impose some form of charging for the most polluting vehicles, they are called a LEZ.

在英国， CAZ是可以决定使用充电作为清洁空气的手段的区域，但不是必须的。如果他们确实对污染最严重的车辆征收某种形式的收费，他们就被称为LEZ。

Across Europe there is less clarity about definitions, and LEZ is the term widely used to describe around 250 areas in different cities, with considerable variation.

在整个欧洲，定义的清晰度较低，LEZ是广泛使用的术语。描述不同城市的大约250个区域，差异很大。

“Not all LEZs have been created equal,” said Yoann Le Petit from the research group Transport & Environment.

“并非所有的LEZ都是平等的，”运输与环境研究组的Yoann Le Petit说。

In Brussels, in terms of coverage, it's quite a large LEZ, but in terms of ambition level, it's very low. It started last year, banning Euro 1 cars (registered before 1992). These are very old vehicles; you hardly see them on the street.

在布鲁塞尔，就覆盖范围而言，它是一个相当大的LEZ，但就野心水平而言，它非常低。它从去年开始，禁止欧1车（1992年之前注册）这些都是非常古老的车辆;你几乎没有在街上看到它们。

“You also have a very high ambition LEZ in Madrid and the one just introduced in Stuttgart, but there is no agreed definition of what an LEZ is.”

“你在马德里也有很高的野心LEZ和oe刚刚在斯图加特引入，但没有就LEZ的定义达成一致的定义。”

Who's got the most restricted areas？

谁拥有最受限制的区域？

Across Europe, Italy has the most low-emissions zones - some of them permanent, many of them seasonal. There are also around 80 in Germany, 14 each in the Netherlands and the UK. France has also 14 LEZs, but most of these are emergency schemes that are enforced on a daily basis when there are pollution peaks.

在整个欧洲，意大利拥有最低排放区 - 其中一些是永久性的，其中许多是季节性的。德国大约有80个，荷兰和英国各有14个。法国还有14个LEZ，但大多数这些是紧急计划，当有污染高峰时，每天都会执行。

What's happening in the rest of the world？

世界其他地方发生了什么？

There are initiatives under way across all continents. Some are more successful than others.

各大洲都在开展各项举措。有些项目比其他项目更成功。

{18}

Tokyo was one of the first cities to ban diesel vehicles, starting back in 2000.

东京是最早在2000年开始禁用柴油车的城市之一。

Seoul in South Korea only introduced measures in 2017 to ban diesel cars that failed to meet emissions standards.

韩国首尔仅在2017年采取措施禁止柴油未达到排放标准的汽车。

Bogota in Columbia has been working since 1974 to get cars off the streets. Every Sunday sees large numbers of roads closed until 2pm. They have also attempted to restrict cars based on number plates with less success.

波哥大自1974年以来，哥伦比亚一直在努力让汽车脱离街头。每个星期天都会看到大量道路关闭，直到下午2点。他们还试图根据车牌限制汽车，但成功率较低。

Mexico city has also developed restrictions based on number plates and by banning cars on Saturdays. However, a study from 2017 says that it hasn't worked as well as hoped because people car-pooled, used taxis or bought extra vehicles.

墨西哥城也制定了基于车牌和周六禁车的限制。然而，2017年的一项研究表明，它没有像希望的那样好用，因为人们在车上集合，使用出租车或购买额外的车辆。

In the US, San Francisco has plans to ban cars on Market Street; and Los Angeles, Denver and Charlotte are thinking about how to reduce emissions in the future. But no American city has yet banned diesel cars in any form.

在美国，旧金山有计划在市场街禁止汽车;而洛杉矶，丹佛和夏洛特正在考虑如何在未来减少排放。但是没有一个美国城市以任何形式禁止使用柴油车。

Surprising lessons from the world's oldest LEZ？

世界上最古老的LEZ令人惊讶的教训？

Image copyrightGetty ImagesImage caption The city of Gothenburg in Sweden has one of the oldest LEZs in the world

图片copyrightGetty ImagesImage瑞典哥德堡市拥有世界上最古老的LEZ之一

One of the most curious things to come out of the introduction of a LEZ in Sweden in 1996 was the demand from trucking companies to make them bigger.

1996年在瑞典引入LEZ时最奇怪的事情之一就是卡车运输公司的需求使他们变得更大。/ p>

“Before the introduction, some hauliers were really angry about it,” said Anders Roth, formerly the civil servant in charge of the Gothenburg LEZ.

“在介绍之前，一些承运人对此非常生气，”前负责哥德堡LEZ的公务员安德斯罗斯说。

{28}

The world's first LEZs for vehicles were introduced in Gothenburg, Stockholm, Malmo and Lund in Sweden back in the mid 1990s. The restrictions put in place were targeted at the most polluting diesel trucks and buses in the city centre. Essentially, any vehicle over 3.5 tonnes.

20世纪90年代中期，瑞典的哥德堡，斯德哥尔摩，马尔默和隆德推出了世界上第一辆汽车LEZ。实施的限制措施针对的是市中心污染最严重的柴油卡车和公共汽车。基本上，任何超过3.5吨的车辆。

Private cars were not included; they're still not banned.

不包括私家车;他们仍然没有被禁止。

“The next step would be to include cars, but that's a more controversial question in Sweden. We already have congestion charging in Gothenburg and Stockholm, but politicians are reluctant to enforce more regulations,” said Mr Roth.

“下一步将是包括汽车，但这在瑞典是一个更具争议性的问题。我们已经在哥德堡和斯德哥尔摩收费，但是政治家们不愿意执行更多的规定，”罗斯先生说。

He believes that because the Swedish cities started earlier, they have had to place fewer restrictions on vehicles to achieve cleaner air.

他认为，由于瑞典城市较早开始，他们不得不减少对车辆的限制，以实现更清洁的空气。

“We started early and people got used to it and now it's normal - people would think it would be silly to take it away.”

“我们很早就开始了，人们已经习惯了，现在这很正常 - 人们会认为将它拿走是愚蠢的。”

He's a supporter of the London ULEZ.

} 他是伦敦ULEZ的支持者。

“I think that's the best way to go. You don't have to ban vehicles totally if they are not really bad; you can have the same effect but without the same high cost for society.”

“我认为这是最好的方式。如果他们不是很糟糕，你不必完全禁止车辆;你可以产生相同的效果，但社会成本却不高。”

Do these restrictions make a big difference？

这些限制是否有很大的不同？

Undoubtedly all the zones are having an impact - but the scale of the difference varies, depending on the type of pollutant. They've worked well with diesel particulates which the World Health Organization has linked to cancer.

毫无疑问，所有区域都会产生影响 - 但差异的大小因污染物的类型而异。他们与世界卫生组织与癌症有关的柴油微粒效果很好。

“They have made a huge difference with all forms of particulate matter,” said Lucy Sadler, who previously led the London Mayor's air quality team and now runs a website that collects information on how cities are tackling air pollution.

“他们对所有形式的颗粒物都产生了巨大的影响，”Lucy Sadler说。之前曾领导伦敦市长空气质量团队，现在运营着一个网站，收集有关城市的信息解决空气污染。

“Nitrous oxides (NOx) are harder, no thanks to vehicle manufacturers.”

“氮氧化物（NOx）更难，这要归功于汽车制造商。”

If you look at Milan, which has a low-emissions zone and a congestion charge combined, they've reduced NOx by 10%, they reckon. That's huge in a city because there's not that many things you can affect.

如果你看他们估计，在拥有低排放区和拥堵费的米兰，他们将氮氧化物减少了10％。这在一个城市中是巨大的，因为没有那么多东西可以影响。

“A low-emissions zone won't be a single magic wand, but it can usually be the biggest single measure.”

“低排放区域不会是一根魔杖，但它通常可以是最大的单一措施。”

Is London's new zone really the “toughest” in the world？

伦敦的新区域真的是吗？世界上“最艰难的”？

It's very hard to say definitively as different cities have different levels of restriction. Certainly, it is one of the most ambitious among the world's largest cities. But some critics say that it could be tougher by banning polluting vehicles instead of just charging them.

由于不同的城市有不同程度的限制，很难明确地说出来。当然，它是世界上最大城市中最雄心勃勃的城市之一但是一些批评人士说，通过禁止污染车辆而不仅仅是向他们收取费用可能会更加困难。

Some experts believe this is down to the level of authority in the Mayor's hands.

一些专家认为这已经达到了市长手中的权威水平。 / p>

“In London they have the power to charge for it; others have the right to ban,” said Kate Laing from C40 Cities, a group of major world cities committed to tackling climate change.

“在伦敦，他们有权收取费用;其他人有权禁止，”来自C40城市的Kate Laing说，这是一个致力于应对气候变化的世界主要城市。

“But if you are willing to drive and pay the charge three days a week instead of five days a week - that is still making gains in air quality.”

“但如果你愿意开车和支付每周三天，而不是一周五天 - 这仍然是空气质量的增加。”

Apart from London, two cities in Europe are said by observers to be the most restrictive.

除了伦敦，观察员说欧洲的两个城市是最严格的。{/ p>

In Madrid, there is a zero-emissions zone since last November, about the same size as the new London ULEZ.

在马德里，自去年11月以来，有一个零排放区，与新的伦敦ULEZ大致相同。

{49}

It is more relaxed for residents, say experts, because it was introduced with much less lead time than London,

专家说，对于居民来说，它更加轻松，因为它的引入时间远远少于伦敦，

Media captionAir pollution: What are the effects on humans？

媒体标题空气污染：对人类有什么影响？

Oslo also has very ambitious plans. The city has already removed 700 car parking spaces to create bike lanes and small parks. It also has a zero emissions zone in the centre of the city.

奥斯陆也有非常雄心勃勃的计划。该市已经拆除了700个停车位，以建造自行车道和小型公园。

Do local governments make money from these schemes？

地方政府是否从这些计划中赚钱？

According to experts, low-emissions zones don't make money.

据专家介绍，低排放区域不赚钱。

“The more you enforce, the more expensive it gets,” said Lucy Sadler.

“执法越多，获得的费用就越高，”露西·萨德勒说。

If you fine someone £40, it won't cover the cost to enforce it. They don't make money. It's a myth that some organisations like to promote, but it's absolutely not based on fact.

如果你罚款40英镑，它将无法承担执行它的费用。他们不赚钱。一些组织喜欢宣传，这是一个神话，但绝对不是基于事实。

“Combined congestion charging is different. Across Europe, London is best-practice as the money raised is spent on local public transport. In other countries, it's not the case.”

“联合拥堵收费是不同的。在整个欧洲，伦敦是最好的做法，因为筹集资金用于当地公共交通工具。在其他国家，情况并非如此。”

Where do we go from ULEZ？

我们从乌拉兹到哪里去？

To zero, most likely. The direction of travel is to increase the size of low-emissions zones, and then, over time, to go to zero emissions. This means that only electric cars, or vehicles powered by battery or hydrogen, for example, would be allowed in.

归零，最有可能。旅行的方向是增加低排放区的大小，然后，随着时间的推移，去零排放。这意味着只允许使用电动汽车，或者由电池或氢气驱动的车辆。

“Zero is a big step from low. It will require serious investment in electric vehicles and hydrogen, and shifts towards more walking, cycling and public transport,” said Kate Laing from C40 Cities.

“零点是从低点开始的一大步。需要大量投资来自C40城市的凯特莱恩说：”电动汽车和氢气，以及更多的步行，骑自行车和公共交通工具。

Image copyrightBarcroft Media

图片copyrightBarcroft Media

{64}

This thrust is not just because of air quality; it's also down to climate change. Emissions from transport are proving very tough to curb, and will require continued restrictions on internal combustion engines.

这一推动力不仅仅是因为空气质量问题;还取决于气候变化。运输产生的排放很难控制，并且需要继续限制内燃机。

“Increasing numbers of cities are saying zero-emissions zones,” said Lucy Sadler.

“越来越多的城市在说零排放区域，”露西·萨德勒说道。

“In terms of where we are going - this is the final destination,” said Yoann Le Petit.

“就我们在哪里而言”这是最终目的地，Yoann Le Petit说道。